?一、总述：

英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态（The Active Voice)和被动语态（The Passive Voice).主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。

They will build a new bridge over the river. (主动) 

A new bridge will be built over the river. (被动) 

汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：

助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词构成。

 

二、被动语态的形式

1) 常用时态的被动语态的构成：

    被动语态的基本形式为助动词be  + 及物动词的过去分词，即be done。

被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要体现在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以give 为例，列表如下：

     一般现在时： am / is / are + given   

     一般过去时： was / were +given  

     一般将来时： shall / will +be+ given  

     过去进行时： was / were + being + given

现在进行时： am / is / are + being + given

     过去完成时： had + been + given

现在完成时： have / has + been + given

     将来完成时： shall /  will + have been + given

     过去将来时：    should / would +be+ given

     现在完成进行时：have/has been being done

     含情态动词的被动语态：情态动词＋be done

?［注］被动语态没有将来进行时和过去将来进行时。

2）被动语态的否定式:在第一个助动词后加not构成。

Russian?is?not?taught?in?our?school.?我们学校不教俄语。

3）被动语态的疑问式：把第一个助动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成。

Were?many?trees?planted?on?the?hill?yesterday?昨天山上种了许多树吗？????   How?much?money?was?stolen?in?all?一共被偷了多少钱？?

三、被动语态使用范围

谁做的动作不知道，说出谁做的没必要。

???动作承受者需强调，用被动语态莫忘了。

1. Some stamps were stolen last week.

2. The PRC was founded on October 1, 1949.

3. Football is played in most middle schools.

 

四、主动语态与被动语态的转换

1．主语+谓语+宾语

练习：将下列各句改为被动语态。

He plants trees in spring.

Tom will clean the room tomorrow.

They make shoes in that factory.

They bought ten computers last term． 

Amy can take good care of Gina ．

We are painting the rooms. 

The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible. 

They will send cars abroad by sea. 

Someone has told me the sports meeting might be put off. 

When I got to the theatre, I found they had already sold out the tickets. 

主动语态变被动语态口诀：

宾语提前主语变，

原主变宾by后见，

时态人称be关键。

注意：把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。 

  We have bought a new computer.  

  A new computer ______ been bought.  

2. 主语+谓语+间接宾语（sb.）+直接宾语（sth.）

  My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.  

  I was given a present on my birthday.  

  A present was given to me yesterday. 

注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：

  bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。 

   一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for, 如：build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。

练习1：将下列句子变为被动语态。

The foreign friends gave us some wonderful stamps.

My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.  

练习2：在横线上填for 或者to.

1） Mother made me a new skirt.  (A new skirt was made _____ me.  )

2)  The meat was cooked ______us.  

3)  My bike was lent ____ her.

4)  Some country music was played _____ us. 

5)  The cup with mixture was showed ______ the class.  

注意：有些既不用to 也不用for, 根据动词与介词的搭配关系。 

  He asked me a question.  (A question was asked of me.  )

  People all over the world know the Great Wall.  

  The Great Wall is known to people all over the world. (不用by短语) 

3. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语

带复合宾语(宾语+ 宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如： 

    We always keep the classroom clean.  

    →The classroom is always kept clean.  

    She told us to follow her instructions.  

    →We were told to follow her instructions.  

注意：在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to 的问题。 

    We often hear him play the guitar. 

    →He is often heard to play the guitar.  

注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如： 

    Tomatoes were first taken back to Europe and people called them love apples. 

    误：Love apples were called them.  

正：They were called love apples.

 

五、下列情况主动句不能改为被动句： 

第一，感官系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。 

  — Do you like the material?   — Yes, it feels very soft.  

  误：It is felt very soft.  

  The food tastes delicious.  

  误：The food is tasted delicious.  

  The pop music sounds beautiful.  

  误：The pop music is sounded beautiful.  

第二，谓语是及物动词leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如： 

  He entered the room and got his book. 

  误：The room was entered and his book was got.  

  She had her hand burned.  

  误：Her hand was had burned.  

第三，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。 

  When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had already risen.  

  误：The sun had already been risen.  

  After the earthquake, few houses remained.  

  误：After the earthquake, few houses were remained.  

第四，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如： 

  The fire broke out in the capital building.  

  误：The fire was broke out in the capital building.

第五，宾语是反身代词，相互代词，同源宾语，不定式，v-ing形式及抽象名词等，不能变为被动句子的主语，如： 

  I taught myself English.  

  误：Myself was taught English.  

  We love each other.  

  误：Each other is loved.

第六、有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well, badly, easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。如： 

  The cloth washes easily.  这布很好洗。 

  The new product sells well.  这新产品很畅销。 

  The pen writes smoothly.  这支笔写字很流畅。 

对比：

  The books sell well. (主动句) 

  The books were sold out. (被动句) 

  The meat didn’t cook well. (主动句) 

 The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat. (被动句)

六、特殊句式

在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示，例如： 

    据说…… It is said that …  

    据报导…… It is reported that … 

    据推测…… It is supposed that … 

    希望…… It is hoped that … 

    众所周知…… It is well known that … 

    普遍认为…… It is generally considered that … 

    有人建议…… It is suggested that … 

  1) It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.  

2) It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.

 

 

 

 

 

 

练习：1. 变被动语态：

1.People use knives for cutting things.

Knives ______ ______ for cutting things.

2.The students clean the windows of their classroom twice a month.

The windows of their classroom______ _______ twice a month.

3. I found the ticket on the floor.

______ ______ ______ ______ on the floor.

4. I told her to return the book in time.

She ______  _______ to return the book in time.

5. His doctor made him have only two meals a day.

He ______ _______ _______ _______ only two meals a day.

6. Now people can use computers to help them.

Now computers _______ ______ ______ to help them.

7. Did you plant many trees at this time last year?

_______ ______ _______ _______ at this time last time?

8.Must we finish our work today?

_______ our work______ _______ today?

10.The teacher asked Tom to turn on the computer.

Tom _______ ________ to turn on the computer.

11.In this factory women do most of  the work.

 Most of the work _______ ________ by women in this factory.

12.He can mend the bike in two days.

The bike ______ ______ _______ in two days.

13.You must take this medicine three times a day.

This medicine _______ _______ ________ three times a day.

14.The students study German in this school.

German _______ ________ by the students in this school.

15.Do they often talk about this question?

______ this question often  _______ about _______ _______?

2. 在横线上填写括号内所给动词的适当形式：

1)Teenagers should __________ (allow) to go out at night.

2)The telephone ___________ (invent) by Bell.

3) English ____________ (speak) in China.

4) The car ___________(make) in China.

5) The room must ____________(clean) every day.

 

4. 选择正确答案1. When I got to his office,  I __________ that he_________ out.A. told, had been    B. was told, wasC. had told, was     D. was told, had been2. The vegetables didn’t taste very good. They ______ for too long.A. cooked  B. were cooked   C. had cooked  D. had been cooked3. The anti-Japanese war ______ in 1937 and it ______ eight years.A. was broken, lasted     B. broke out, lastedC. break out, lasted       D. broke out, was lasted5. These boxes are very heavy ___.A. be carried  B. carry  C. carried  D. be carrying6. The police found that the house ________ and a lot of things ________.A. had been broken into, has been stolen  B. has broken into, has been stolenC. had been broken into, stolen          D. has broken into, has stolen7. Coal  can ________ to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.A. have used  B. used  C. be used    D. use8. John has never dreamt of _________.A. taken to Athens           B. taking to AthensC. be taking to Athens        D. being taken to Athens9. Nobody likes __________.A. laughed at  B. laughing at  C. being laughed at  D. being laughed10. The bridge ___________ will be completed next year.A. built  B. being built  C. is being built  D. building11. It is said that tigers ________ in Asia year after year.A. are being disappeared     B. are disappearingC. will be disappeared       D. will disappear12. I’m going to Wuhan tomorrow. Do you have anything ____to your mother?A. to take   B. taken   C. to be taken   D. taking13. Take it easy. There is nothing ______.A. to worry  B. to be worried   C. to be worried about  D. to worry about14. Your new computer will soon become outdated, because technology_______so fast.A. is developed              B. is being developedC. has been developed        D. will developed15. I won’t go to the party unless _________.A. invited   B. being invited   C. be invited    D. inviting16. The problem ________ last week is very important.A. was discussed   B. discussed   C. being discussed   D. be discussed17. We should keep the animals from ________.A. be endangered  B. endangering  C. being endangered  D. endangered18. There are no rivers _______out of the Dead Sea.A. flowed    B. flowing    C. being flowed    D. be flown19. This place has been destroyed. So there is no bamboo ______for pandas to feed on.A. left   B. leaving   C. leave   D. be left20. All the preparations for the task ________ , and we are ready to start.A. completed            B. completeC. had been completed    D. have been complete用动词的正确时态填空Our desks and chairs ________________ (make) of wood. The paper of books and newspapers ______ also ___________ (make) from wood. Even some kinds of cloth __________________ (make) from it. Many people ____________ (burn) wood to keep themselves warm in winter. Indeed, wood _______ (be) important in our everyday life.Where ________ wood __________ (come) from? It ________________ (take) from trees which _____________(grow) in the mountains. _________ you ____________ (know) how it ____________ (get) to us from the mountains?First of all, trees ___________(cut) down when they ______________(grow) big enough. Then their branches _______________ (cut) off, and logs _______________(make).These heavy logs ________________(put) together in different ways and _________________ (take) down to the foot of the mountains. Some of them _________________ (float使漂流) down the small rivers and others _________________ (carry) down on trains.Big trees ________________(cut) down in the mountains every year. Then young ones ______________________ (must, plant) so that we ______ always ________________ (can, have) enough wood. We have to take good care of mountains so that they __________ always _________________ (may, cover) with growing trees.

 

被动语态部分练习题答案：1)C 2)A 3)A 4)C 5)D 6)D 7)C 8)B 9)B 10)B11)D 12)C 13)D 14)B 15)B 16)C 17)A 18)A 19)B20)B 21)C 22)D 23)A 24)C 25)A 26)C 27)A 28)C29)C 30)A 31)B 32)C 33)A 34)C 35)A 36)B 37)B38)B 39)D 40)B)